Navigating Multipolar Anarchy: Strategic Options for Middle Powers in a Fragmenting World

Author(s)

Rüdiger Frank

Abstract

The post-Cold War international order is giving way to a new and uncertain configuration best described as Multipolar Anarchy—a fragmented landscape defined by the erosion of global rules, the rise of competing regional orders, and strategic fluidity. This article introduces the concept of Multipolar Anarchy as both a diagnostic tool and a basis for action, particularly for middle powers navigating this emerging reality. Drawing lessons from East Asia’s experience with systemic disruption in the late 19th century, it argues that agency and strategic foresight—not passive adaptation—will determine which states emerge strengthened. The article outlines forward-looking strategies tailored to middle powers, including regional coalition-building, economic diversification, and inter-regional coordination. Rather than viewing this phase as a threat, the author contends it should be treated as an opportunity: to mitigate global disorder, enhance resilience, and even lay the groundwork for a more inclusive and representative global order.

Organisation(s)

Department of East Asian Studies

Journal

Global Neighbours Policy Brief

Volume

07

Publication date

2025

Peer reviewed

Yes

Austrian Fields of Science 2012

506007 International relations

Portal url

https://ucrisportal.univie.ac.at/en/publications/a6307ebd-f248-4572-ab94-0b792442508c